Transducer device electromechanically sensitive to flexure



Nov. 17, 1953 Filed Dec. 28, 1948 H. G. BAERWALD TRANSDUCER DEVICE ELECTROMECHANICALLY SENSITIVE TO FLEXURE 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 HOT 2| GAS i 4| 22 /34 36 s I k A W ?m\ -0 HIGH VOLTAGE 0 ac. SOURCE /43 1 COOL GAS i-FP t+P sa- 46 T, 47 46 53 4, "f 51 I I T! 54 '7' a Q 2, :52 0 g I 6" P49 EP E n,

INVENTOR. HANS G. BAERWALD ATTORNEY NOV. 17, 1953 BAERWALD 2,659,829

TRANSDUCER DEVICE ELECTROMECHANICALLY SENSITIVE TO FLEXURE Flled Dec. 28, 1948 5 Sheets-Sheet l THICKNESS COORDINATE .L l TRANSDUCING PROPERTY ,FRACTIONAL LENGTH- WISE STRAIN PER voLT) 2| 2| 21 2 2| l l l 00 0+ 0+ as H. a

IN V EN TOR.

HANS G. BAERWALD ATTORNEY Nov. 17, 1953 H. G. BAERWALD TRANSDUCER DEVICE ELECTROMECHANICALLY SENSITIVE TO FLEXURE 3 Sheegs-Sheet 3 Filed Dec. 28, 1948 'OHIGH VOLTAGE O BIAS SOURCE AUDIO AMPLIFIER TH ICKNEVSS coon 0| NATE Patented Nov. 17, 1953 UNITED STATES ns-"r" optics Ohio Animation Batista 28, 1949, serial NJ. 67.645

10 Claims. (01. sit-8.5)

bf i lifochell'e salt, electroded V a'ch'plata'and affixed togeth rat an electrodedsurface of each plate with a crystallographic orientation such that one plate tends to expand while the other plate tends to contract. During transducing, bending motions ofthefcomposite element result in the development of electrostatic fields in the two plates, and vice' versa'. Flexure sensitive devices of the type ju'stjdescribed may be termed composite devices, since'they are made'upjof two or more distinct 138 1138791 elements with .a pronounced interface therebetween. Such devices, fabricated of two or- 'more plates ortbars cemented together at interfaceswhich constitute major structural discontinuities in the composite device, have proved useful commercially in many applications, including microph'ones and phonograph pickups. Fairly high transducing efiiciencies may be achieved withfsuch elements. 'However, the method of fabrication necessary in the production of composite elements contributes materially to their cost. Furthermore, the operatingefiiciency of such composite elements often is limited by the unavoidable structural imperfections and disco'ntinuities'at the boundaries between the plates making up the element. To illustrate the loss of efficiency attributable to such structural discontin'uities, the cementing material which is used to bond the two plates to the electrode or electrodes between them and to each other may have a shear modulus of elasticity substantially less than'the modulus of the several crystal plates and alsomay adhere imperfectly to them, so that a substantial proportion of the bending motion applied to the device is lost in shear strains in the cementing materiaL' 'twii plates cutjfor example,

It 'a1so' has been" proposed to form composite I bending-sensitive devices using two plates of barium titanate material cemented together at a major face-of .each'plate. Electromechanical devices utilizingplates -of titanate materiahand composite bending-sensitive electromechanical devices comprisinga; plurality of superimposed, individually electroded-laye'rs of titanate mate'- rials, are disclosed and claimed in the respective.- copending apt)lications. Ser. .Nos. 740,460 and 1 740,461, filed April 9, l94;fl,- i n the name of Hans Jafie and assignedv to the. sameassigneezas the. present invention. These applications issuedas Patents Nos; 2,592,703 and,2,484,950, respectively-,- cn. April 15, .195 2 ,;.and;.0ctober l8-,,.l949, :respeci tively. The titanate. material, when conditioned by the application .of -a-unidirectional electric potential thereto, may exhibit: very large ratios of mechanical strain-to applied signal voltage; This electromechanical response is substantially linear if a suitably strong -unidirectional potential has been or is being, applied. .This large linear response probably depends-both on the electrostatic polarization ofthe dielectric material by the uni.-, directional voltage applied thereto and on'the properties-of the-material before polarization. Bender elements made of a number of layers of titanate material have the same advantages as the Rochelle salt benders described hereinabove, and in addition partake of the rugged mechanical and chemical properties and the relative ease of manufacture of plates of titanate ceramic mate-- rials. However, such composite elements-also are subject to the disadvantage of the rather complex operations necessarily involved in fabricating a composite device. .They also are limited in emciency by .the propertiesof the cement and. other materials used between the several plates. making up the elements. Another factor infiuw encing the efficiency of the. bending-sensitive de-- vices of the types describedhereinabovedsithe relationship.cf voltage distribution within the elements to-thefiexing moments of the hypothetical inner and outer layers of the material of the elements. f1he outer; layers are most effective in producing ,or respond ng-$0.. bending, while the; layers near the center-.make only slight. c0ntribu.-. I tions to the bending response. Nevertheless. the.v voltage drops across-the dielectric material of the. I central layers areas. great ,as the drops across the; .1 outer. layers. As a result. the. available. electrical... energy e pended: approximatelyequa11y:im,the.1.. a el iineficctive and. the. relatively; efiective: layers instead .of,-to a; greater extentin; the-mores" effective ontmilayers, so that the highest efficiency is not,obtalned.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved transducer device electromechanically sensitive to flexure and free of some or all of the limitations and disadvantages of prior art devices.

It is another object of the invention to provide a new and. improved transducer device electromechanically sensitive to fiexure but not limited in efiiciency by the properties of a cementing material.

It is a-further object of the invention to provide a new and improved transducer device electromechanically sensitive to fiexure which is capable of fabrication by simple operations from inexpensive material.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a novel transducer device electromechanically sensitive to fiexure and utilizing electromechanically sensitive ceramic materials in a simplified structure providing desirable matching of the intrinsically high mechanical stiffness of the electromechanically sensitive material to relatively flexible mechanical systems such as are encountered in acoustic devices.

It is yet another object of the invention to provide a novel fiexure-sensitive transducer device having high efficiency as a result of an improved distribution of voltage and flexing moments.

In accordance with a feature of the invention, a transducer device electromechanically sensitive to fiexure comprises a body substantially free of structural discontinuities with two electrodes adjacent to generally opposed surfaces of the body. The body has between these two electrodes one substantial portion of a dielectric material which is conditioned by the application of a unidirectional electric potential to provide a substantial transducing-response characteristic as between mechanical signal energy and electrostatic-field signal energy, and also has between the two electrodes another substantial portion of a material which has a transducing-response characteristic as between the aforementioned signal energies substantially different from the first mentioned transducing response characteristic. The device also comprises means including the aforesaid electrodes adjacent to the body for translating currents associated with the electrostatic-field signal energy in the body, and mechanical means for translating the motion associated with the fiexure during transducing, this fiexure being associated with mechanical reaction between the one portion of the body having the aforementioned substantial transducing-response characteristic and the other portion of the body. As will appear hereinbelow, the last-mentioned portion of the transducer body, which has a transducing-response characteristic difierent from that of the firstmentioned portion, may have a substantially zero-valued transducing-response characteristic and thus may exhibit no appreciable electromechanical response except by mechanical reaction with the first-mentioned responsive portion.

Further in accordance with the feature of the invention just mentioned, the first-mentioned portion of the body is conditioned by the application of the unidirectional electric potential in a direction between the two electrodes to provide in that one portion of the body the aforesaid substantial transducing response characteristic, and the electrostatic signal energy with which this characteristic is concerned involves a field in a direction between the two electrodes. It will be understood that the electrodes and circuit means coupled there- 4 to are arranged for translating currents associated with signal fields so directed.

In accordance with a related aspect of the invention, the transducer device described above as being in accordance with a feature of the invention has simply a single pair of electrodes, individually adjacent to two opposed surfaces of the body. In this case, of course, the electrostatic-field signal energy in the body is associated with currents translated by these two electrodes alone, there being no other means of coupling between electrostatic fields in the body and external circuits.

In accordance with another feature of the invention, the device is similar to those described in the above statement but is not necessarily limited to the two electrodes arranged as mentioned hereinabove. In this case the application of the unidirectional electric potential provides in the first-mentioned portion of the body a substantial transducing-response characteristic as between mechanical signal energy involving expansion or contraction in one direction within the body and electrostatic signal energy involving a field directed transversely of that one di rection. In this case the electrodes and any interconnected circuit means translate currents associated with the transverse electrostatic-field signal energy in the body, and the fiexure during transducing is associated with mechanical reaction between the one portion, having the substantial transducing-response characteristic involving the aforementioned expansion or contraction, and the other portions of the body.

For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects thereof, reference is had to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, and its scope will be pointed out in the appended claims.

In the drawings, Figs. 1 and 2 are front and side elevations respectively of an electroded body having electromechanical transducing properties and useful in devices in accordance with the present invention; Fig. 3 is an enlarged sectional plan view of this body taken in the direction 3, 3 of Fig. 2; Fig. 4 is a rough plot of one representative variation with thickness of the transducing properties of the body illustrated in section in Fig. 3, the thickness coordinate of the plot of Fig. 4 being aligned with the thickness direction in Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a perspective view of a transducer device in accordance with the present invention utilizing the body illustrated in Figs. 1-3; Figs. 6, 7, 8, 11 and 12 are enlarged plan views of the body illustrated in Figs. 1-5, showing schematically the conditions of remanent electrostatic polarization of various cross-sectional parts of the body before and after being treated to provide an electromechanical element in accordance with several embodiments of the present invention; Figs. 9 and 10 illustrate alternative arrangements for effecting the polarization conditions illustrated in Fig. 8; Figs. 13 and 14 are graphs representing several types of polarizing cycles useful in obtaining the conditions of remanent polarization represented schematically in Fig, 12; Fig. 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating the application of a particular transducer device embodying the present invention in an audio-frequency electromechanical transducing arrangement; Fig. 16 is a greatly enlarged sectional plan view, partly broken away, of an electroded body and associated equipment useful in connection with another embodiment of the aceasza transducer on the invention;- and Figs; l'rand- 18 ings;- ther e--is illustrated a body-2| suitable for use as-the sensitiveelement ina transducer device embodying the-present invention; The body 2|" iskof -small thickness compared with the'other dimensions thereof-and is made up of polycrystalline--dielectricmaterial substantially free of This body-is providedstructural discontinuities.- With-a-single pairof-electrodesZZ, 23 in generally opposedpositions across thebody and individually adjacent: to the major surfaces thereof. Theseelectrodes advantageously covera-large portionof theopposed-surfacesto which they are applied; but 'it may bedesirable toleave margins at the-edgesof the surfaces. As illustrated, unelectroded margins are provided at the-top and- .bottomof the body to facilitate mechanical con nections to the-body. The electrodes are shown with exaggerated thickness for ease ofillustration-w The-body 2i is-not made up of-two .or more distinctparts or elements, nor, is there a pronounced interface anywhere within the body. Hence, the body-maybe termed noncomposite, and from a mechanical" point of view is substantially free of structuraldiscontinuities. In this connection, of course, the macroscopic rather than the microscopic condition of the body isv considered, and it is-recognized that the micro-structureof the body may involvenumerous crystalline. grains having phase boundaries but forming essentially one structure as regards bending or twisting forces,

applied'to the body within the-elastic limits.

Howeveninspiteof its noncomposite character; thebody may have two or moreportions of substantial; size. having individually different properties, Thus, one substantial portion of the body: I' located betweenthe two electrodes 22 and 3'; underlies that majorsurface of the body which appears .to therightin the views of Figs. 2 and. 3'. This one thickness portion extends frointthe, right hand major surface toward the Dla'rieof;the.thickness center line 24 of the body 2 and disposed generally parallel to the major surfacesof thebody, This portion is of a dielectric ,material'which is conditioned by the applicaltion, of aunidirectionalelectric potential in a di toll Yidepin this one, portion a substantialtransduc g; re sponse characteristic as. between mechanical signal energy and electrostatic-field signalenergy... For. example, this one portion may be ,madeflup, primarily of polycrystalline barium titanate, The unidirectional potential, applied to, condition the material of this portion of the bodylshould berather strong, that is, strong enough to.,produce in that material a unidirectionalfieldstrength which is. ofan order of mag--- nitudeat least as greatas the amplitudes of the incremental. electrostatic field strengths associated with the useful electrical signals to be developed in the body during transducing.

Now,- the conditioning effect of the unidirectionalpotential so appliedto thematerial, may be recpgnized-forthe purposes of the, present specifietion betweenthetwo electrodes 22 and 23.

cationiand lclaims, by the. electromechanical responsflyof the gtransducer device containing the material. .I-Iowever, it maybe helpful to view the efiectof-.tl1 e;unidirectional potential as oneof prod ducinganinternal electrostatic bias polarization: in a suitable material. With certain'materials, such as-a material primarily of barium titanate, a large fraction of this internal. polarization remains after removal of the, polarizing field; Consequently'with' such materials a continuous application of the conditioning potential is not essential. However, a high permanent polarization ordinarily is obtained onlywhen thetemperature of the material-remains sufficiently far below a certain transition temperature atall times during the conditioning treatment and thereafter to the time of use. For example'in the case of barium ti'tanate this transition term perature is about C. In most cases the: polarizing field should be much. stronger than the signal fields to be expected and may approach, the breakdown field strength of the material. The polarization condition thus obtained'makes. possible the practical utilization of the. implicit. electromechanical properties of the material, since it has the effect of providing a linear local electromechanical transducing property of substantial magnitude in the titanate material.

Summarizing, it thus will be understood that a suitable dielectric material is conditioned in the sense here used by a present or future application of the aforementioned unidirectional potential, and by a previous temporary application in the case of a material exhibiting permanent polarization at the temperatures of polarization and of use.

In addition to the one portion'of the body 2! mentioned above, the body has. another substantial portion also located between the two ,electrodes 22 and 23. This other portion underlies the left hand surface, as viewed in Figs. 2'and 3,'and extends toward the centerline 2a. This thickness, portion thus is disposedgenerally parallel'to and. laterally of the first-mentioned portion.

This other portion is'of a material with a transducing-response characteristic, as between mechanical and electrostatic-field signal energies, which is substantially different from the transducing-response characteristic of the right hand portion of the body; The difference in the transducing-response characteristics of the two portions may be, for example; a result of a po1ariza-.- tion condition in the lefthand portion difiering in magnitude orin directional sense from the.

and the treatment; if .any, given that portionto:

obtain the desired properties therein will be de--. scribed more specifically hereinbelow.

The local electromechanical transducing-properties of the several portions of the body 2! have been referred to hereinabove as transducingresponse characteristics. In effect, the characteristic of one portion of the body may be-in-. fiuenced by the arrangement of the body as a whole; for example, thisarrangement mayv de-= termine the voltage distribution across the body. Accordingly, for the purposes. of this specifica tion and the appended claims, it is convenient. to define the transducingeresponse characteristic of the material in a portion of the body 2| with respect to an electric signal across the entire body. The characteristicso potential appearing s same and an incremental potential difference across the body, the incremental potential difference being associated with an incremental electrostatic-field energy per unit volume. The incremental mechanical energy just referred to is the, in general adiabatic, energy of elastic deformation in any volume unit under consideration. These incremental mechanical and electrical energies transduced in numerous volume elements of the body are directly linked with the mechanical and electrical signals, respectively developed in the transducer during operation.

Fig. 4 illustrates qualitatively the local electromechanical transducing properties of various portions of the body 2|. In the plot of Fig. 4, the horizontal direction is the thickness co ordinate of the body 2|, and the plot is aligned vertically with the sectional view of Fig. 3, so that horizontal position on the plot may be referred directly to the location in the thickness direction through the body 2 i. The vertical coordinate in the plot of Fig. 4 represents qualitatively the relative values of the transducing properties. The plot does not indicate the abso-- lute values of a transducing property. Its value need not be zero in any region of the body, but may vary, for example, from a relatively low value on one side, say the left side in Figs. 3 and 4, to a relatively high value of the same sign on the other side, say the right side in Figs. 3 and 4, in a manner represented in Fig. 4. In this case, of course, a transducing property represented along the vertical coordinate in the plot of Fig. 4 would have zero value at a value of the ordinate lower than the bottom of the plotted curve, as at A0. The plot of Fig. 4 also may represent the case Where the transducing property has zero value at a major surface, for example the left hand surface of the body, as indicated at B0, or near its central line, as indicated at C0. Therefore. the location, if any, where the local transducing property passes through zero is not indicated for the general case on the plot of Fig. 4. The plot does indicate, however, that in general the portions of the body near the two major surfaces thereof have substantially the extremes of values or" transducing-response characteristics in the body. In a bending-sensitive transducer body. the resulting or net bending moment is the sum of the moments contributed by each portion of the body, each of these local bending moments being the product of the transducing-response characteristic of the portion considered and its distance from the neutral plane of bending. In determining a bending moment not only the characteristic but also the distance may be individually positive or negative, resulting in a positive moment if the characteristic and the distance have the same sign and a negative moment if they have opposite signs. If the overall or net bending is in a sense which is arbitrarily designated positive, only those portions of the body providing positive bending moments can aid in the bending, while portions providing negative moments tend to diminish the bending response. Therefore it is desirable that the largest absolute values of the transducing-re.. sponse characteristics occur near the two opposed surfaces but with opposite signs, since at these surfaces the distances from the neutral plane are greatest but have opposite signs relative to the neutral plane. In this case the transducirig property would have zero value near or at the central plane, as represented by C in Fig. 4.

Any of various local transducing properties might be plotted to obtain the curve of Fig. 4. The transducing-response characteristic as defined hereinabove may be used. In this case, for example, after polarization of the body 2| by the application of a high unidirectional voltage across the electrodes in the thickness direction, the mechanical effect of the electric signal field resulting from the application of unit voltage across the electrodes is plotted for small volume portions of the body. The mechanical efiect may be expressed in terms of the fractional or percentage distortion or strain in a direction lengthwise of the body, since this type of strain is associated with the desired bending response.

A complete transducer device which is electromechanically sensitive to fiexure, and in particular to bending, is illustrated in Fig. 5. The device includes the body 2| and its electrodes, electrical-circuit terminals 25 and 26 connected to the electrodes 22 and 23 respectively, a base 21 in which the lower end of the body 2| is mounted securely, a yoke 28 secured to the top of the body 2|, and a rod 29 projecting horizontally from the yoke 28 for providing mechanical coupling to the device.

In operation, the device of Fig. 5 may be used to transduce from electrical signal energy to mechanical signal energy or from mechanical signal energy to electrical signal energy. Thus the device may function as a loud speaker or as a phonograph pickup. In the former case, a source of electrical signals, such as the audio frequency amplifier of a conventional radio receiver circuit, not shown, is connected to the terminals 25 and 26, while, in the latter case, an arrangement for' utilizing electrical signals, such as an audio amplifier followed by a loud speaker, not shown, is connected to these terminals. correspondingly, in the former case the rod 29 may actuate in a conventional manner a loud speaker diaphragm, not shown, while in the latter case the rod 29 may be driven by the surface variations of a phonograph record, not shown. In either case, the device comprises means, including the electrodes 22, 23 and terminals 25, 26, and amplifier or other arrangements in circuit therewith, for translating currents associated with the electrostatic-field signal energy transduced in the body. During transducing, electric signal potentials, corresponding to the electrostatic-field signal energy in the body, appear between the opposed electrodes 22 and 23. Thus the electrostatic signal energy being utilized involves a field in a direction between these two electrodes. Further more, the yoke 28 and rod 29 constitute mechanical means for translating the motion associated with the flexure of the body 2| during transducing.

With the usual arrangement, the fiexure takes the form of a bending of lines extending vertically through the body 2|. For example, when the local transducing properties of the body are such as to cause, upon application of a signal potential between the electrodes 2| and 22, a tendency of portions of the body to one side of the center line 24 to expand and a simultaneous tendency of the portions to the other side of the center line to contract, the top of the body 2| bends toward the side which tends to contract. A body having such an operation is discussed hereinbelow in connection with Figs. 12-14, which deal with the production of the local transducs p ope s of t e type just mentioned. It

will be understood that the mechanical signal energy transduced involves this expansion or contraction in one direction within the body, in this acoaezo c'flseetheflfltica-l directionae: viewedin Figa 'Ih'e beridingflexure resulting from the aforesaid expansionzandcontractionis associated with me:- chanicalireaction' between the portion-ofthe body: underlyingthe aforesaid right hand surface; and havingthe aforesaid substantial transducing-re sponseecharacteri'stic involving expansion or contraction cinaa vertical direction," and .x-th'e nther portion-.of the body underlying the left hand surface. 5. The electrostatic signal. energy transduced involves; ofrcourse, the :field produced by the -sig nal potential applied between the electrodes; and thisja-field; being in the thickness: direction inith'e bodyzZ-l is seen to be directed=transverselyiof-. the" vertical.zdirection..of expansion and contraction. within the-body. It will be zclear.also.th'at theapplication-.. of a voltage .of opposite a: polarity. causes bending in the otherv direction. Further: morerzthe application of signalforces longiturdinallyi of .therod 29,.1causing'. bending motions: results-conversely the appearance ofasignal pcite'ntials;:between. the opposed ielectrodea The conversion of the expansion. efiects to. bending: responserefie'cts, through mechanical creactionibee tweerrthe portions of thebody-having different efii'cientmmeans of matching the-.mechanicalimpedance oi a body of stiff electromechanically' sensitive materialvto the -impedanceof a--givenmechanica-l system; It is not necessary-,however, to:provide1wtransducing propertiesrin both: sides of the=wbody1--in order to obtain; such bending.,.re spouses; as will be indicated hereinbelow in con nectionrwithv Figs; 6-10.

mentioned hereinabove; it is preferred 'to-- use-abodyz l ofa polycrystalline dielectric mate.- rial, z-and'in a preferred'embodiment of the inventionrthe "body is of a polycrystalline titanate" material: The body: advantageously is made 'up primarily of: polycrystalline bariumtitanate; 'I'husrthere may be provided a substantiallyhomogeneous body of permanently; polarizable polycrystalline dielectric material. The treatment ofisucbl a body to provide a variation of thetransducingcharacteristic with location through Fig. 4 now will be described.

Figs. 6, and 8 representzschematically various conditions of remanent internal electrostatic polarization of the bodyg2l; indicating-the polar-' ization across a transverse surface; such as that of- -thercross-sectional view of Fig. :3, 'at.;various stages=-of treatment of the body-.1 In; Figrfi the unpol-ari-zed condition of the-.materialy-as Origie.

nally-produced by ceramic'firingis represented. by. small -circles.- After the dielectric material has-.rbeen polarized by applyinga high-unidirec-;

tionalvoltage across-the electr0des, the condition:

represented by the plus signs in Fig.--.7 obtains,-. where-the-polarity ofthe polarizing. field arbi.-'- trar-i-ly isdesign'ated to be positive'and the entirecross-esectionis seen, to be so;po1arized.-.r Itwill bee-understood that the polarizing" field is pro-,

left-to right as viewed in-Figs; 7 and:8. 1 After the materialthus has been polarized: by any :electroe. stati'cvi'leld, a portion of -the-body is at' least-pantially. depolarized by localized heating-to provide a substantial"variationlwith location through; the

bodyiof-remanent electrostat c polarization: and-a consequentsubstantial;variationz'ofloealaelectro's;

transducingresponse characteristics, providesan the-:body,;asreferred to above in connection-with:

- tionw When-the body-is composed of-polycrystah linebarium-titanatematerial, it may be polarized by-theapplication of a biasing field at room temperature'. H'owever,-heating :a portion of-" tl'l'e polarized -material:to a temperature either close toizor above its :transition temperature, --whi'ch approximately1 -120 C4 for a suflicient length'of time has'the result of destroying the polarization in' the 'POItiOIbSO hGBitEd Alternativearrangementsare shown Figs; 9* and :10 for-effe'ctingthe localized heating ne'cessary-to destroy-remanent polarization in one-por tionof therbodyiiforexample the left hand por-=- tion asirepresented :in-Fig. 8. As illustrated Fig; 9, a temporary-electrode 22" is placedon the side' ofzthe polarized body 2 I on which the heat is to-be':applied.-= This-"electrodeshould-be ofuni form thi ck-ness, :and: evaporated gold has -bee'n usedsuccessfullv for-this purpose. Heavy-con-- ductors -30-;='3-| "are= placed across the electrode-22 at each end-thereof. so that a uniform current distribution mayibe obtained across the width-of theelectrode 22fl The conductors 30 and 3liale" connected to' -each other through a switch-32km: series-with a condenser 33. There alsois con nected across th'e condenser 33 through' a high resistance-M a high voltageD. C. "source 36'. Th"e'-: source 36; is permitted to charge the condenser-'- 33" to.-th"e' voltage-ofthe source through the re sistor Whenthezswitch 32 is closed; a-heavy': pulse discharge: of: current flows from the con denser. 33' vertically through the thin: electrode:- 22 ,causinga burst of heat to be-applied-toone sideiof-thebodyfil; As a result a pulse'of elevated temperature-travels through the thickness of the bOdy ZI fIOm'thG surface carrying-the temporary electrode-22; After the energy stored-' in -the' 1 condenser -3 3: has been dissipated during-- the initial: current discharge, further substantial current'is- 'preventedzby the voltage drop :in' the resistor-3411i 'Ihus,-= it-wi1l be apparent thatywithsuitable adjustment of the thickness- 0f theele'c trode' 22' toirdetermine its resistance; of thevoltage-of: the. source---36;=-ofthe capacitance of the condehser 33gzandz of any other circuit constants' determining .the-:discharge time constant; the 'total-heat-dissipated' and the length of time-dur ing which it is dissipated may be varied at will" and-"so: arrangedeas ton-raise approximatelyhalf of the thickness of the bodyZl temporarilyto temperatures: =in':' =the neighborhood of or' higher thanwthe transition temperature, or'Curie pointy tures Thus; referring: to Fig; 8, the right hand portionpf thebo'dy retains substantiallyits origi nal state of-r'emanentpolarization.-

Alternative1y a --strip -of titanate 'mat'erial'l I' .gmay be-subiectedto-a thermal treatment in the mefihimifial :ira s u nei p nperiiese; .InaEigec-"B -7svturlinallwofstheestripn The nozzles:areisectionalw ized in Fig. 10 to indicate their internal arrangement. A small space is left between the flanges and the strip, the latter being guided by suitable means, not shown, to retain the desired spacing. Hot gas, preferably at a temperature well above the Curie point of the material, passes through the nozzle 42 and escapes forward and backward between the flanges and the strip H. Likewise cool gas, which may be at room temperature or colder, passes through the nozzle 43 to prevent heating of the side of the strip nearer the nozzle 43 to a temperature in the neighborhood of the Curie point. With the illustrated arrangement, the strip 5-! may be moved between the nozzles in the direction of the arrow at a rather small but not critical rate; the desired thermal conditions may be obtained solely by adjustment of the temperatures and rates of flow of the hot and cold gases. After the strip 4| has passed the nozzles and cooled somewhat, it may be cut into the desired lengths to form bodies such as that illustrated in Figs. 1-3 and having the substantial variation with location in the thickness direction through the body of remanent electrostatic polarization represented schematically in Fig. 8.

1 The local electromechanical transducing properties of a homogeneous polycrystalline titanate body may be thought of as being determined by the local conditions of electrostatic polarization of the body. Thus, a substantially linear relationship between incremental mechanical energy and incremental electrostatic-field energy exists in a well conditioned or polarized portion of the material, and the transducing characteristic may have such a high value under these circumstances as to be very useful in practice. However, such a linear characteristic is not obtained in unpolarized portions of the body, which, practically speaking, are inert or insensitive as regards useful or linear electromechanical properties. This condition is represented in the plot of Fig. 4 by the case in which the zero value of the transducing properties, indicated at B0, occurs at the left hand surface of the body 2|; in this case the transducing property has negligible magnitudes in most of the left hand portion of the body, as represented in Fig. 4. As a result, the depolarized side of the body represented in Fig. 8 serves primarily as a stiff backing for the side of the body having a positive polarization, whereby a tendency of the polarized portions to expand or contract brings about mechanical reaction with the unpolarized portions, causing a bending motion of the entire body.

- Thus it will appear that, in accordance with a feature of the present invention, the process of producing a transducer device electromechanically sensitive to fiexure comprises placing conductive electrodes adjacent to two generally opposed surfaces of a homogeneous body of polycrystalline dielectric material capable of acquiring remanent electrostatic polarization and applying a unidirectional electric potential across these electrodes for a predetermined period of time to induce such remanent polarization in the dielectric material and provide a substantial 1 transducing-respcnse characteristic therein. A first substantial portion of the homogeneous body then is subjected to localized heating to eliminate sensitivity to flexure associated with mechanical reaction between the second portion which retains the transducing-response characteristic and the first portion. The process under discussion is completed by affixing to the body mechanical motion-translating means adapted to move in accordance with the fiexure during transducing.

If desired, depolarization can be carried out in a different manner to provide a transducer device in which the mechanical reaction between the portions of the body having different values of the local electromechanical transducing proper ties is such as to afford a torque or twister motion. For example, the temporary electrode 22' in the Fig. 9 apparatus may extend the full length of the body 2| but cover only half of its width, starting on one edge of the body. In this case, not only is the depolarization limited to half the thickness of the body due to the temperature gradients during treatment, but also only half of the width will be depolarized. The resulting polarization condition is represented schematically in Fig. 11 by the small circles to the left in the upper half of the figure, while the portions to the left of the lower half remain polarized. Now a similar heat treatment may be applied at the same time or subsequently to the opposite face of the body but on the other half of its width. As seen in the transverse plan view of Fig. 11, this causes depolarization in the lower half of the figure but only in the right hand portions of the body. A thin body may be polarized as represented in Fig. 11 and mounted as shown in Fig. 5. The yoke 28 on such a thin body, and any device mechanically coupled to the yoke tend to twist about a vertical axis upon the application of signal voltages across the electrodes 22 and 23. Conversely, the application of torques to the yoke 28 causes signal voltages to appear at the terminals 25, 26. It will be clear that similar results may be obtained by fastening together a number of bending-sensitive bodies; for example, two narrow noncomposite bodies having the characteristics represented in Fig. 8 may be fastened side-by-side with opposite directions of polarization to obtain an element resembling that represented in Fig. 11.

Fig. 12 represents schematically the body 2| as represented in Fig. 8 but with the left hand side, which previously has been depolarized, having a remanent polarization in the opposite or negative direction. This new polarization is represented by minus signs indicating a lateral polarization, for example the polarized condition resulting from an effective unidirectional field between electrodes 22 and 23 in a direction from right to left as viewed in Fig. 12. The method of effecting such a variation of remanent polarization through the body is represented by the graph of Fig. 13, in which electrostatic field strength E in the body is represented in the positive and negative directions along the horizontal coordinate direction and polarization P is represented in the positive and negative directions along the vertical coodinate direction. The conditioning treatment of the right hand portion of the body represented in Figs. 6, '7, 8, and 12 is indicated by the solid line arrows in the graph of Fig. 13, while the treatment of the left hand portion is represented by the dashed line arrows. Starting with the virgin material at the origin of coordinates 0, the material is as represented in Fig. 6. Upon the application of a unidirectional potential to provide a high field strength E in the positive direction, the material is polarized as illustrated by. the solid and dashed. arrows between ..the

fjpbi'fltsf .0 and .416 iin fi 1.3. When the polarizing "rfield 'is'szremoved, all portions of the body follow rsented-in Fig.3. .As' described above, the body may be used in -a bender device --after'-this treat- :ment.

."However, this-treatment may be followed by -+p'olarizing'+by an electrostatic field of opposite 'pelarity sand .of predetermined strength En corresponding to the vertical dotted line to the left 'QnEthe graphiof'Fig. 13. This causes the previously depolarized portion to reach the point 48 -:rin :'Fig. 1'3 'while this fieldis applied, and then to 'ireturn :to. .the .condition of remanent polarization having a'polarity'bpposite from that-of "the-origiznail ipolarization :and represented by the point til. .,-D.uring .thissame-treatment .the remainder of the :body passes :fromv :the 'point- 57. through the point 5.! and thence to :the point/152 'inFig. 13. While the application of :the :negative :field tends toidetract somewhat from the remanent polarization -.of the {right hand portion :of the body, :the2fieldstrength used .is substantially less .than .the coercive field strength that would depolarize .it =zcomp1etely, so that the remainder of the .body retains at least part of :the original polarization. .Sincethe left and right hand portions of the .body noware oppositely polarized,-a signal potential-applied-across the body causes a tendency for-.expansionof one portion and simultaneous contraction of the other, resulting in bendingin .a.manner,describedhereinabove. The difference 10f polarization-between the .twoportions -.of :the body, .lfipliesented .by .the .distance between :the points .49 and52 .in Fig. 13, is of thesame-order as t e original. polarization -.0-- i-l of the right hand portion,..although the tendency is to .increase this difierence,-.inasmuch .as the steepness .Qf thelinitialpartof the virgin. curve lB .in g neral exceeds that. of .the depolarization .curye il- 51. ".But even ignoring the improvement thereby effected, the bender device resulting from the treatment just described .'-has the advantage that expander .efiects can .be substantially eliminated,;due tothe diiferentialmotionsof the two :sides ,of the .body. The vv,transducing-1'esponse characteristics of the twoportions .of the-body nevertheless ,are greatly different, because they have opposite signs although ofpractically the same absolute-magnitudes. Since the portions of the body near the two major surfaces thereof have at'ieast as high magnitudes of transduoingresponse characteristics as portions more remote from these surfaces, the portions near these surfaces have substantially the extremes of values of the characteristics ;in the body. When the polarization in the left and right .hand portions of the body is substantiallysymmetrical, the zero value of "the transducing, propert occurs in the center of'the body, as indicated at C0 in Fig. 4.

' Fig; .141 represents an improved method of treatment of .'the.,.body..2l toobta-in the variation-of remanent polarization: represented. in .Fig. 12.

:14 .the graph.-.of j.'ig. where 11.15 the soriginrof coordinates. ".lustasinili'ig. L3,.the..initia1.polariization causes all, portions -of .the .material .to pass through .thepointefi to the point .4.l, as rep resented by .the solid. and dashed arrows. How- ...ever, the Lbody .may .be subjected .to .the original temperature .1 3 ,-inthe neighborhood -.of .or above the .Curie point, so that .the .left hand iandrright hand portions of the .bodyliave polarization conditions represented bythe; points El and respectively :in Fig. 1.4. u l his treatment resembles .that described in connection with z-Fig; 13 except for the. :higher -tempera.ture T2 at which theeinitial polarization-is carried out. The temperatureof .eachstep ofv the treatment isindicated -:alongside .-the arrows :in .1 4.

The rbodysubsequently ;is subjected to-a polarzizing .field of polarity opposite .from [that .-of :the

.first=mentione d ifield, while maintaining at least some-of the previously depolarized portions at a .tempera ture..-in the neighborhood of the one pre- :determined temperature T2 -to permit polariza- :tion thereof in the polarityof .the last-mentioned "field, and while-maintaining other portions of the body :at "a temperature substantially lower than the -one predetermined temperature 5'32 to minimize depolarization thereof. Thus, :the entire body may be cooled to .a temperature T1, which may be: somewhat lower than room temperature, asurge of :heat-then applied to 'the left .hand portion-of the-body to raise it to :the neighborhood of the temperature T2, and .-a negative :fieldapplied and removed while these-tempera- .ture conditions exist. The. right hand portion, being colder, has an electrostatic coercive :force considerably greater than the coercive force for the temperature T2, *with .the result that it :passes through .the point 53:11.0 reach the ,point 54 :in the graph .of Fig. 14 -with-=a rather small loss-of its positive polarization. Simultaneously the left hand portion of the body passes through :the point-56 to achieve the negative remanent p0 larization represented-by the point 'ELin the graph. Preferably, .the positive and negative polarizations represented. .by the points 54 and 5:! in the graph mayr-lce .made substantially :equal to each other, and the :sum of the two polarizationsis .made substantially g-reate1' than .the original. polarization--M. .In this :way, the trans iducing properties may be, represented as in the .plotof Fig; 4,-with the plane of the center line .24 of the material coinciding rather closely with points having .zero values of the :transducing properties, representedcas mentioned :above at C0 in the qualitative plot of Fig. 4, and with a greater difference betweentheextreme values of the transducing characteristics than can be 'ob .tained by treatment :in accordance with Fig. 1-3.

The-specific embodiments of thepresent in- .vention-whioh-have ::been discussed .hereinabove relate to transducer :deviees comprising substantially homogeneous abo'dies of dielectric material. .In';the .examp1es.;described, the bodies are of the same :composition"throughout and, as regards macroscopic-:properties, are ideally homogeneous except for variations'rin the state of polarization and the consequent variations in electromechanh cal properties. .Howeverressentially. noncompos- Elle coordinates have thesamesignificancexasin .75 ite bodies, -rsubstantially free or structural continuities, may be formed which have a substantial variation with location through the body of the composition of the material constituting the body. Transducer-devices electro-- mechanically sensitive to bending and comprising such noncomposite bodies are the subjects of an application Serial No. 67,741, which isssued as Patent No. 2,624,853, dated January 6, 1953, filed concurrently herewith in the name of Harry C. Page and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. There is disclosed and claimed in this copending application a transducer device comprising such a body, substantially free of structural discontinuities, in which the variation of composition is such as to provide a body having one portion which is conditioned by the application of a unidirectional potential to provide a substantial transducing-response characteristic and having another portion of a material of different composition which upon the application of the unidirectional potential has a different transducing-response characteristic. In a particular case the latter portion has effectively a zero-valued characteristic and has a relatively high dielectric constant. When a signal potential appears across such a body, the portions with difierent dielectric constants act as a voltage divider made up of condensers in series, and the voltage division is such that the field strength is higher in the portions having the a lower dielectric constant. Thus, the larger part of the signal potential appears across the elec tromechanically sensitive portions of the body, increasing the elficiency of transducing.

An essentially noncomposite body having po1' tions of materials of different compositions may be made by dipping a heavy paper strip first in a suspension of a selected ceramic raw material then in a suspension of a ceramic raw material of a different composition, followed by heating to ceramic-firing temperatures to provide a fired body having two thickness portions resulting from the two dips. The material of one of these portions is susceptible, after firing, to conditioning by the application of a unidirectional potential to provide an electromechanical response property, while the material of the other portion is chosen to be effective, upon firing and the application of the unidirectional potential,

to provide a difierent-valued electromechanical response property, for example a zero-valued property. Suitable materials can be used to form a noncomposite structure with only occasional, if any, irregularities of structure in the region of changing composition. Such a method of making a ceramic body is disclosed and claimed in an application Serial No. 67,695, filed concurrently herewith in the name of Charles K. Gravley and assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, which issued as Patent No. 2,569,163 on September 25, 1951.

A transducer device of a different type but having an operation analogous to that of the variable composition device mentioned hereinabove also may be made. Such a device comprises a body likewise substantially free of structural discontinuities, having one portion of a low conductivity material, and having another portion of a relatively high conductivity material. The low conductivity portion is conditioned by the application of a unidirectional electric potential to provide a substantial transducing-response characteristic.

The high conductivity portion may Or may not have substantial electromechanical transducing properties.

16 However, even if the high conductivity portion does have substantial transducing properties, the several portions of the body act as a voltage divider including resistive and capacitive elements, whereby any signal potentials appearing across the body, associated with electrostatic-field signal energy therein and having frequency components in a predetermined operating range, are effectively largely short-circuited across the relatively high conductivity portion so as to be developed primarily across the relatively low conductivity portion having the substantial transducing-response characteristic. The unidirectional conditioning potential likewise is efiectively short-circuited across the high conductivity portion. The variation of conductivity might be obtained in bodies having a considerable variation of composition of the material constituting the body. In such a case, however, the conductive portions of the body advantageously would have a composition characterized by negligible transducing properties.

Moreover, it is possible with only slight or even almost negligible variations in composition to obtain great variations in conductivity. For example, one side of a body of polycrystalline barium titanate material may be subjected to a controlled reducing atmosphere at about 1200 C. for a short period of time just sufficient to render the portions of the body beneath that side conductive to a predetermined depth. B using rather strong reducing conditions but carefully limiting the period of treatment the transitional zone between the portions which are made conductive and the portions which remain essentially nonconductive may be made to occupy only a small part of the total thickness. Although the portions which have been rendered conductive might still retain substantial transducing properties if a substantial field strength could be maintained therein, the short-circuiting efiects mentioned above prevent the appearance in the high-conductivity portions of field strengths of magnitudes high enough to excite any very substantial electromechanical response. Thus the transducing-response characteristics of the highconductivity portions have very low values.

In connection with the division of a signal voltage between the voltage across the portions of the body in which electromechanical response is desired and the voltage across the remaining portions of the body, it is helpful to consider the ratio between the former voltage E and the latter voltage E. The total potential difference appearing across the body is, of course, (E-I-E') volts, and it may be assumed that the transitional region between the responsive and non-responsive portions is of negligible thickness. With the further assumption that the responsive and nonresponsive regions, that is, the low-conductivity and high-conductivity portions of the body, are

of substantially equal thickness, the following condition obtains:

frequency component under consideration.

dielectric constant e of the elecsensitive material is determined Ordinarily the tromechanically by'the choice of a material having desirable electromechanical properties, so that only the numerator of the expression given above for the ratio of Voltages may be chosen as a separate design factor. In accordance with a specific feature of the invention disclosed and claimed in the oopending Page application identified above, the dielectric constant e of the electromechanically insensitive portion of the body is substantially higher than, and may be at least several times as high as, the dielectric constant e of the sensitive material, although the conductivity 7 may be negligibly small in the non-responsive as well as in the responsive portions. In this Way, a signal potential across the body divides so as to give a field strength several times higher in the responsive portion.

An equally favorable or considerably more favorable voltage distribution is obtained by making the conductivity 7 of the high conductivity portions of the body much greater than the re active term (to e) for those portions and much greater than the reactive term (w s) for the lowconductivity portions. Thus, the signal potentials across. the body are developed primarily across the relatively low-conductivity portions by virtue of the high conductivity of the other portions. When the high conductivity portions nevertheless retain some dormant transducing properties which may be excited in the event that a substantial electrical field is maintained therein, there is a maximum operating frequency for satisfactory operation, above which the electromechanical response of the conductive portions becomes high enough to counteract materially the response of the other portions and to cause the bending sensitivity to decrease. In such a case, for example when the frequency is so high and the conductivity so low that the reactive term e) equals the conductivity 7, phase distortion is high and the bending response is only about 30% of that when the term (to e) is negligible, while at half that frequency the response is about 96% of the response when (w e) is negligible compared with 7. Not only does a high conductivity eliminate any possible undesirable electromechanical response of the more conductive portiom, but, as explained hereinabove, it also permits most of the signal potential across the body to be developed across the portions in r to the body to produce remanent polarization therein, any efiecti've polarization of the more conductive portions may be minimized by applying the polarizing voltage after the latter portions have been rendered conductive, and the polarizing voltage may be applied gradually so that the polarizing voltage distribution is determined at all times by conductivity, rather than by the capacitance of the materials. A body so polarized may be represented schematically as in Fig. 8.

It will be understood from the discussion hereinabove that, during transducing in a body havmg a high conductivity portion and a polarized low conductivity portion, for example the left hand and right hand portions respectively of the body 2! as represented in Figs. 3 and 8, bending fiexure is associated with mechanical reaction of the high conductivity portion with the low conductivity portion which has a substantial transducing-response characteristic and across which electrical signal potentials primarily are develop-ed.

While it has been assumed in several instances hereinabove that the responsive and non-responsive regions of the noncomposite bender body occupy equal thickness portions of the body, the present invention is not limited to such a case. In fact, particularly when the non-responsive portion is relatively highly conductive, it may prove advantageous to make the responsive portion considerably thinner than the non-responsive portion. One advantage of such a design is that the available electrical energy is concentrated nearer a major surface of the body, where the bending moments are greatest.

Referring now to Fig. 15, there is illustrated schematically a transducer arrangement including a microphone 6| of any suitable type coupled to the input circuit of an audio amplifier 62. The output circuit of the amplifier 62 is connected through a blocking condenser 63 to the opposed electrodes 22, 23 of a transducer device comprising the noncomposite body 2 l. The body 2| preferably is of a type in which one thickness portion has low eifective values of its transducing characteristic by virtue of a treatment rendering it conductive in a manner described hereinabove. Therefore the conductive portions of the body 2! cannot acquire an appreciable electrostatic polarization even when the body is conditioned by the application of a high biasing potential across the body. Under these circumstances a high voltage bias source 6 4 may be connected to the electrodes 22, 23 through a switch 66 and a decoupling resistor Bl. This resistor should have a high resistance to provide a large time constant, so as to avoid the possibility of any polarization of the relatively conductive portion by transient voltages. With the switch 66 closed during operation, the bias voltage impressed across the body polarizes the nonconductive portion of the body. In operation, audio frequency acoustical energy reaching the microphone 6| is amplified as electrical signals in the amplifier 62 and applied to actuate the transducer element 2|, which for example, may drive a mechanical coupling arrangement, not shown, for the purpose of cutting a phonograph record in the conventional manner. Signal amplitudes may be used having occasional peak values of the same order of magnitude as the bias voltage, since with the switch 66 closed any momentary loss of bias polarization is overcome quickly by recharging through the decoupling resistor 61. A polarizing arrangement such as that including the unidirectional voltage source 64, switch 65, and resistor 67 may be used in many cases for efiecting polarization by the application of a suitable electrostatic field, for example as required to produce the polarization conditions represented in Figs. '7, 8, 11, and 12.

After one side of a dielectric body has been rendered conductive as described hereinabove, the local transducing properties across the body in the thickness direction may be roughly as represented in Fig. 4. When the chemical treatmen? Causing a h gh-conductivity condition is applied to the left hand side or a polycrystalline dielectric body such as that shown in section in Fig. 3, the transducing characteristic has a zero value Be at the left hand side of the plot of Fig. 4, since only the untreated right hand portion of the thickness of the body can sustain an appre- 'ciable electric field. As the conditions of chemi reducin cal treatment'are variedso that the thickness of the high conductivity, left hand portion is made increasingly greater relative to the thickness of: the dielectric right handportiomit is found that the transitionalzonc of intermediate conductivi- I ties between the highconductivity and low con-e .ductivity portions greater fraction of the total thickness of the I occupies an increasingly I in opposite polarities, relative to the direction I of the thickness coordinate-as indicated in Fig. '16, to the dielectric portions near the major sur- I l faces of the body. Afterpolarizing :is complete,

body.. This is aresultofthe diffusionphenome I one. associated with the propagation of the chemical reducing reaction through the body. Conseportions.

I quenu itis desirable, ifpracticable, to limit the" I zoneof chemical change to a' small portion of the thickness of the body near its major surfaces, y thus minimizing the thickness of the transitional have high remanent electrostatic polarizations This result'may be achieved by heatingthe entire body, comprised of atitanate raw material,

to. ceramic-firing temperatures in a moderately Only mildly reducing conditions are: necessary to effect the slight variatmosphere.

'ation in composition necessary to achievea rather uniformhigh conductivity of the entire body. I I

I Subsequently: during the firing exposure of both.

' sides ofthe body to rather strong oxidim'ngconditions for only a brief period of time provides low conductivity material.

in opposite senses with very narrow transitional I zones between polarized and conductive, portions,

as appears fromFigs. 1 7 andl8. Consequently the outer portions have oppositely sensed electromechanical transducing properties. I I I i When thebcdyti. is used in a transducer de-' I vice such as that illustrated in Fig. 5, the me a 'chanical motion of the rod 25 accompanying the fiexure or bending of the body is'associated with mechanicalreaction between the conductive cen- I tral portion of the body and the oppositely polar- .ized dielectric. portions of low conductivity near rangement, athin 'noncomposite body made in tween the dielectric portions. I

: p Fig. '16 illustrates. in greatly enlarged cross section the body just described. This body is designated 2 l:' to distinguish it'from the body 2! of the preceding figure, since the body 2| has a general distribution of its transducing properties in the thickness direction different from the distribution represented in Fig. 4 for the body 2!. The body 2| is provided with electrode 22 and 23, as is the case with the body 2!. The qualitative variation of the conductivity of the body 2i in the thickness direction is represented in Fig. 17. in which the thickness coordinate is aligned vertically with the thickness direction of the body as illustrated in Fig. 16. Fig. 17 indicates that the non-conductive portions occupy relatively small fractions of the total thickness of the body.

The dielectric portions of the body 2| near the major surfaces thereof desirably should have substantial remanent electrostatic polarization in opposite senses with consequent oppositely sensed electromechanical transducing properties. These conditions may be obtained throu h the use of the polarizing arrangement illustrated in Fig. 16. This arran' ement makes use of the fact that the central portion of the body 2| is adapted to serve as a terminal for the unidirectional polarizing potential. A conductive paste or solder is applied temporarily to the conductive central portion at an edge or edges of the body, as at H in Fig. 16, and connected through a high resistance 12 and a switch 73 to one side of a high voltage polarizing source M. The other side of the source 14 is connected to both of the electrodes 22 and 23 in parallel. When the switch 13 is closed, the polarizing voltage is applied the: surfaces. Thelatter portions tend to clefornr in opposite senses near the respectiveniaior sur faces of thebody during transducing, since they are polarisedin opposite senses out are subjected to an electric field having the same sense I throughout the body'during transducing from electrical to mechanical energy. Hence. the application of signal potentiais acrossthe electrodes I 22 and 23 causes bending. motions, resulting in motions of the rod 25 in the directions indicated by the double arrow in. Fig. 5. No direct 'elcc trical connection totheconductive portion is necessary during transducing, and: most orthe potential developed across thetbody isshort circuited across the conductive portion. The re sponse of the transducer is increased by about 5 decibels, as compared with the transducer scribed hereinabove having a conductive portion and one relatively thin. dielectric portion near only one major s rface of the body, since each of the two dielectric portions of the body 2 i contributes to its bending response. The farther the relatively thin dielectric portions are from the center of the line of the body, the greater the bending moments which they exert. If it is assumed that the central portion is for practical purposes a perfect conductor, major design consideration in determining the combined. thicl nesses oi the conductive and dielectric portions is the desired bending stiffness of the body, determining its mechanical impedance, which should be matched to the impedance of the mechanical, system including the rod 29. The thickness of the conductive portions determines the capacitance. a very small thickness giving a high capacitance. Of course, the device including the bony 2 i also may be made to operate in an analogous manner to provide transducing from mechanical to electrical energy.

While there have been described what are at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of this invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and moclifications may be made therein without departing from the invention, and it is, therefore, aimed in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is: g

l. A transducer device electromechanically sensitive to flexure comprising: a homogeneous body 01' small thickness compared with the other dimensions thereof and free of structural discontinuities, having one substantial portion of a dielectric material which has remanent electrostatic polarization in a thickness direction to provide a substantial transducing-response characteristic as between. mechanical signal energy and electrostatic-field signal energy, and having another substantial portion also of said di electric material which has remanent electrostatic polarization ofonly a lower order of magnitude than said remanent polarization of said one portion to provide a transducing-response characteristic as between said signal energies lower in magnitude than said first-mentioned characteristic; means including electrodes adjacent to said body for translating currents associated with said electrostatic-field signal energy in said body; and mechanical means for translating the motion associated With said flexure during transducing, said flexure being associated with mechanical reaction between said one portion having said sub stantial transducing-response characteristic and said other portion of said body.

2. A transducer device electromechanically sensitive to flexure comprising: a homogeneous body of small thickness compared with the other dimensions thereof and substantially free of structural discontinuities, having one substantial portion of a dielectric material which has sub stantial remanent electrostatic polarization in one thickness direction to provide therein a substantial transducing-rcsponse characteristic between mechanical signal energy and electrostatic-field signal energy, and having another substantial portion also of said dielectric material which has a substantial remanent electrostatic polarization in the opposite thickness direction to provide therein a substantial transdncin response characteristic as between said signal en orgies but oppositely sensed from said firstmenti-oned transducing-response characteristic; means including electrodes adjacent to said body for translating currents associated with said electrostatic-field signal energy in said body; and mechanical means for translating the motion associated with said flexure during transducing, said flexure being associated with mechanical reaction between said oppositely polarized portions of said body.

3. A transducer device electromechanically sensitive to iiexure comprising: a body substan tially free of structural discontinuities; two electrodes adjacent to generally opposed surfaces of said body, said body having between said two electrodes one substantial portion of a dielectric material which is conditioned by the application of a unidirectional electric potential in a direction between said two electrodes to provide in said one portion a substantial transducing-response characteristic as between mechanical signal energy and electrostatic signal energy'involving a field in a direction between said two electrodes, and having between said two electrodes another substantial portion of a material which has a transducing-response characteristic as between said signal energies substantially different from said first-mentioned characteristic; means including said electrodes for translating currents associated with said electrostatic-field signal energy in said body; and mechanical means for translating the motion associated with said flexure during transducing, said fiexure being associated with mechanical reaction between said one portion having said substantial transducing-re sponse characteristic and said other portion of said body.

4. A transducer device electromechanically sensitive to fiexure comprising: a body of small thickness compared with the other dimensions thereof and substantially free of structural discontinuities; two electrodes individually adjacent to the opposed major surfaces of said body, said body having between said two electrodes one substantial thickness portion disposed generally parallel to said major surfaces and of a dielectric material which is conditioned by the application of a unidirectional electric potential in a direction between said two electrodes to provide in said one portion a substantial transducing-response characteristic as between mechanical signal energy and electrostatic si nal energy in volving a field in a direction between said two electrodes, and having between said two electrodes another substantial thickness portion disposed generally parallel to said one portion and of a material which has a transducing-response characteristic as between said signal energies substantially different from said first-mentioned characteristic; means including said electrodes for translating currents associated with said electrostatic-field signal energy in said body; and mechanical means for translating the motion associated with said flexure during transducing, said flexure being associated with mechanical reaction between said one portion having said sub- 'stantial transducingresponse characteristic and said other portion of said body.

5. A transducer device electromechanically sensitive to fiexure comprising: a polycrystalline body substantially free of structural discontinu ities; two electrodes adjacent to generally opposed surfaces of said body, said body having between said two electrodes one substantial portion of a dielectric material which is conditioned by the application of a unidirectional electric potential in a direction between said two electrodes to provide in said one portion a substantial transducing-response characteristic as between mechanical signal energy electrostatic signal energy involving a field in a direction between said two electrodes, and having between said two electrodes another substantial portion of a terial which has a transducing-response characteristic as between said signal energies substantially dii'ierent from said first-rnentioned characteristic; means including said electrodes for translating currents associated with said electrostatic-field signal energy body; mechanical means for trans .L motion as sociated with said flexure during transducing, said flexure being associated with mechanical reaction between said one portion having said substantial transducing-response characteristic and said other portion of said body.

6; A transducer device electron echanicaliy sensitive tofiexure comprising: a body primarily of polycrystalline barium titanate and substantially free of structural discontinuities; two elec trodes adjacent to generally opposed surfaces of said body, said body having between said two electrodes one substantial portion of a dielectric material which is conditioned by the application of a unidirectional electric potential in a direction between sad two electrodes to provide in said one portion a substantial transducing-response characteristic as between mechanical signal energy and electrostatic signal energy involving a field in a direction between said two electrodes, and having between said two electrodes another substantial portion of a material which has a transducing-response characteristic as between said signal energies substantially different from said first-mentioned characteristic; means in cluding aid electrodes for translating currents associated with said electrostatic-field signal enorgy in said body; and mechanical means for translating the motion associated with said flexure during transducing, said flexure being associated mocha oo-l reaction between. said one portion .s substantial transducing-response characteristic and said other portion of said body.

7. A transducer device electromechanically sensitive to flexure comprising: a body substantially free of structural discontinuities, having a single pair of electrodes individually adjacent to two opposed surfaces of said body, having between said electrodes one substantial portion of a dielectric material which is conditioned by the application of a unidirectional electric potential to provide a substantial transducing-response characteristic as between mechanical signal energy and electi'ostatidfield signal energy, and having between said electrodes another substantial portion of a material which has a transducing-response charac eristic as between said signal ener ies substantially different from said first-mentioned characteristic; means including said pair of electrodes for translating currents associated with said electrostatic-field signal energy in said body; and mechanical means for translating the motion associated with said flexure during trai cing, said. flexure being associated with-mechanical reaction between said one portion having said substantial transducing-response characteristic and said other portionof said body.

8. A transducer device electromechanically sensitive to fiexure comprising: a body substantially free of structural discontinuities, having one substantial portion of a dielectric material which is conditioned by the application of a unidirectional electric potential to provide a substantial transducing-response characteristic as between mechanical signal energy involving expansion or contraction in one direction within said body and electrostatic signal energy involving a field directed transversely of said one direction, and having another substantial portion of a material which has a transducing-response characteristic as between said signal energies substantially different from said first-mentioned characteristic; means including electrodes adjacent to said body for translating currents associated with said transverse electrostatic-field signal energy in said body; and mechanical means for translating themotion associated with said fiexure during transducing, said fiexure being associated with mechanical reaction between said one portion, having said substantial transducing-response characteristic involving said expansion or contraction, and said other portion of said body.

9. A transducer device electromechanically sensitive to fiexure comprising: a body of small .ener y and electrostatic-field thickness compared with the other dimensions characteristic, the portions of said body near the two major surfaces thereof having substan tially the extremes of values of said transducingresponse characteristics in said body; means including electrodes adjacent to said maior surfaces for translating currents associated with said transverse electrostatic-field signal energy in said body; and mechanical means for translating the motion associated with said fiexure during transducing, said flexure being associated with mechanical reaction between said one portion, having said substantial transducing-response characteristic involving said expansion or contraction, and said other portion of said body.

10. The process of producing a transducer device electromechanically sensitive to rlexure comprising: placing conductive electrodes adjacent to two generally opposed surfaces of a homogeneous body of polycrystalline dielectric material capable of acouiring remanent electrostatic polarization; applying a unidirectional electric potential across said electrodes for a predetermined period of time to induce such remanent polarization in said material and provide a substantial transducing-response characteristic therein as between mechanical si nal signal energy; sub ectina a first substantial portion of said homogeneous body to locali ed heating to eliminate at least part ally both said reman nt electrostatic polarization and said concomitant transducin -response characteristic in said one p rtion while retaimna said rem nent po ar zat on in a second substantial porti n of said diele tric material. wherebv said bodv acouires an, electro echan c l sen itivitv to fle ure associated with mechanical reaction between second portion which retains said transducingres onse characteristic and said first port on:

and affixing to said'body mechanical motiontranslating means adapted to move in accordance with said flexure during transducing.

HANS G. BAERWr-lLD.

References Cited in the file of this patent 1 UNITED STATES PATENTS Num er Name Date 355,149 Dolbear Dec. 28, 1886 1,803,274 Sawyer Apr. 28, 1931 2,388,242 Arndt Nov, 6, 19% 2,394.670 Detrick Feb. 12, 1946 2,402,515 Wainer June 18, 1946 2,540,412 Adler Feb. 6, 1951 

